Industrial

Classical Controller Area Network with 11-bit and 29-bit identifiers, CSMA/CR arbitration, and up to 8 data bytes. Dominant/recessive wir…

Asynchronous character framing with start bit, 5–9 data bits, optional parity, and one or two stop bits. RS-232 defines voltage levels an…

Binary Modbus ADU on serial lines: address, PDU (function + data), and CRC-16. Silent intervals of 3.5 character times delimit frames; fu…

Ubiquitous LAN frame: 6-byte MACs, 2-byte EtherType, payload, and 32-bit FCS. Preamble/SFD precede the frame on the wire; 802.1Q inserts …

Reliable, ordered byte-stream transport with ports, sequence/ack numbers, windowing, and congestion control. Three-way handshake and four…

Differential multi-drop serial physical layer used under Modbus RTU, Profibus, and many industrial buses. Half-duplex pairs need directio…

Heavy-duty CAN application layer used on trucks, buses, and off-highway machines. 29-bit CAN IDs encode priority, PGN, and source address…

CAN application profile (CiA 301) built around an Object Dictionary, PDOs for realtime process data, SDOs for configuration, and an NMT s…

Modbus application PDUs carried over TCP port 502 with an MBAP header instead of serial address and CRC. Function codes and register maps…

Token-passing RS-485 fieldbus from PI for DP masters and slaves in factory automation. Baud rate, station addresses, and GSD device descr…

Industrial Ethernet from PROFIBUS International with Real-Time (RT) and Isochronous Real-Time (IRT) classes for cyclic IO. Device descrip…

Ethernet fieldbus where each slave processes and forwards a circulating frame on the fly for sub-cycle IO updates. Process data, distribu…

CIP (Common Industrial Protocol) over TCP/UDP for industrial control, strongly associated with Rockwell ecosystems. Explicit messaging co…

CIP on CAN for device-level networks — sensors, VFDs, and I/O blocks — with baud and MAC IDs set by switches or software. It shares the C…

ASHRAE building-automation protocol modeling devices as objects with properties and services. Transports include BACnet/IP, MS/TP (RS-485…

Platform-independent industrial information model with secure channels, sessions, subscriptions, and monitored items. Binary UA-TCP and H…

Lighting-control bus (IEC 62386) with Manchester encoding, short addresses, and group/scene concepts. Forward frames command ballasts and…

Mesh networking on IEEE 802.15.4 with APS endpoints and Zigbee Cluster Library (ZCL) application semantics. Coordinators form networks; r…

LPWAN MAC over LoRa chirp spread-spectrum PHY with OTAA/ABP join, session keys, and adaptive data rate. Uplink/downlink windows, duty-cyc…

REST-like protocol for constrained devices, typically over UDP, with confirmable/non-confirmable messages, tokens, and resource discovery…

Publish/subscribe messaging over TCP with QoS 0/1/2 delivery grades. Topics, retain flags, and last-will messages are core broker feature…